The Anatomist By Bill Hayes- Book Review Essay - 724 Words

Jillian Spence Period D Human Anatomy- Physiology Mrs. Rich The Anatomist: by Bill Hayes— Book Review Why is Gray’s Anatomy considered a turning point in medical history? Explain. (3 examples) Gray’s anatomy is considered a turning point in medical history. As a first example, the detailed pictures that Hayes discoveries in this more than a thousand-paged book is incredible. These pictures that Hayes initially used to identify body parts catches his eye in more ways than one, and he falls in love with the site of how Gray illustrates the human body. Secondly, the way that Gray defines the parts of the body through this book in its simplistic yet exquisite language is phenomenal. Taken from Gray’s notes, â€Å"The Coronary Sinus is that portion of the anterior or great cardiac vein which is situated in the posterior part of the left auriculo-ventricular groove.† Finally, the work Gray’s Anatomy sets up the most basic, introductory way of dissection. Going into depth and understanding body parts and terms/functions that one initially would not have none is important for someone delving into the medical field. 2. Describe the relationship between Henry Gray and H.V. Carter. The relationship between Henry Gray and H.V. Carter is established before Gray’s passing; Henry Gray placed H.V. Carter, a doctor, as a major help in his work Gray’s Anatomy. H.V. Carter drew the pictures of the book. H.V. Carter kept studious and was a Christian who kept a

Crime Is An Age Old Phenomenon - 1798 Words

Introduction It is often said that crime is as old as mankind. But if crime is an age-old phenomenon, it had to be recently that many researchers have turned their attention to the issue of victims of crime. For instance, the word â€Å"victim† did not appear in the English language until 1497. Derived from the Latin word victima, the word originally did not refer to crime victims but to a living creature killed and offered as a sacrifice to a deity or supernatural power (Oxford Dictionary, 1983). The word victim was not used in the sense of a person who was hurt, tortured or killed by another until 1660. That basically means that the whole concept of victim of crime did not come about until the 17th century. I. The Development of Victimology During the twentieth century is when the development of social concern, protest, activism, intervention, legal, political, and social services, reform, research, and teaching about victims of crime. In many other countries the victim movement became a significant political influence, which lead to considerable reforms in many fields. Here in the United States, the victim movement was initiated in the 1970s. The women’s movement along with the civil rights movement was one of it main inspirations. Another one of its biggest inspirations was the social concern about the theatrical increase in crime rates here in the United States. Many activists and politicians were aware that the system of constitutional protections in the United StatesShow MoreRelatedCapital Punishment Should Be Prohibited By Our Justice System923 Words   |  4 Pagesteenagers whose ages less than 18-year-olds exacerbating the tragedy of death. â€Å"Since the series of Supreme Court decisions upholding the use of the death penalty for juveniles, juvenile offenders have received the sentence of death fairly consistently, at least during the past 20 years. Since 1973, 196 juvenile death sentences have been imposed. This accounts for less than 3 percent of the almost 6,900 total U.S. death sentences. Approximately two-thirds of these have been imposed on 17-year-olds and nearlyRead MoreSummary Of Tweens : Ten Going On Fourteen 953 Words   |  4 PagesColumbia University. The 66 year old is currently a professor at Brooklyn College and Parsons School of Design. In 2010, she was named William E. Simon fellow at the Manhattan Institute and the contributing editor of City Journal. Hymowitz enjoys writing about American childhood and education. Her books include, Ready or Not: Why Treating Our Children as Small Adults Endangers Their Future and Ours (1999), Liberation’s Children: Parents and Kids in a Postmodern Age (20 03), Marriage and Caste in America:Read MoreCyber Threat, Its Scope And Its Impact On National Security991 Words   |  4 Pagesnations, to businesses and to individuals. INTRODUCTION In a world where information and communications technology (ICT) that provides the mode so people can work with each other electronically in a digital form over large distances, cyber threats and crimes are of great concern. Computerized technologies are implemented to improve and enhance the efficiency of creative and working processes in every facet of life and the world of cybercrime is no exception. Cybercrime is an illegal activity that involvesRead MoreThe Mystery Of Feminine Power908 Words   |  4 Pagesworld. From the early starts of Mesopotamia, to the Greek and Mayan profits and finally to our modern magical women today. There is no set word to state what these women are called, but like most mythical things, witches were and still are a huge phenomenon even today. There are many definitions of what a witch is. The most common one is, â€Å"a woman thought to have evil magic powers. Witches are popularly depicted as wearing a black cloak and pointed hat, and flying on a broomstick,† which is typicallyRead MoreSynthesis Essay- Juvenile Incarceration Into Adult Prisons1414 Words   |  6 Pagespunishment for those who have committed heinous crimes, the justice system should not convict children and adolescents as adults because of the child s circumstances that lead to the crime as well as the disastrous effects it causes on the mental and emotional state of the ch ild. It is common knowledge that t he degree in which a person is convicted, more often than not, depends on the severity of the crime. In the late 80’s and early 90’s, juvenile crimes were at an all time high which resulted inRead MoreEssay about The Life of Emile Durkheim1371 Words   |  6 Pagesgreat-grandfather, grandfather, and father were all Jewish rabbis. He was expected to follow suit so at a young age he was sent to a rabbinical school. 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Statistics from their study shows that 9.8% of crimes committed are usually found in the Central Business District (CBD). HoweverRead MoreIts Time to Stop Child Trafficking Essay examples1663 Words   |  7 Pagestrafficking. However, the UNICEF website shows that â€Å"Every year, thousands of Beninese children and 1.2 million young people across the globe are victims of trafficking-300,000 of them in West and Central Africa alone. ‘Child trafficking is a global phenomenon of unprecedented magnitude. It’s one of the major human rights violations in the world today.’ Said Mr. Duamelle† (Reine David-Gnahoui). From these data, people should pay more attentions on children cases, because children is the future for theRead MoreThe Relationship between Poverty and Crime879 Words   |  3 PagesPoverty and the relationship it has to crime is a long standing sociological, humanists and historical phenomenon. From the plight of the third world to the violence soaked inner city streets of the 1980’s, the relationship of crime and poverty has been the source of a great deal of social commentary. In societies throughout the world and throughout history there has always been a traditional measure of deviance through relative income gaps. Both poverty and crime as well as their connections are heavilyRead MoreStockholm Syndrome : A Psychological Phenomenon1312 Words   |  6 Pagessympathize and defend their abuser or kidnapper. Stockholm Syndrome is a psychological phenomenon that has been analyzed in professional articles by various scholars, but is it real? High-profile cases are reported by the media, although the diagnosis is not described in any international classifi cation system, including the DSM 5, the bible of psychiatric disorders. Is the Stockholm syndrome a real psychological phenomenon, or is it just an expression used by the media, a label that can be put onto every

Pennsylvania Adoption Law Free Essays

Adoption has been prevalent since time immemorial. In fact, history tells that the practice of adoption dates back as far as the 18th century BC. This was practiced by the ancient civilizations such Romans, Greeks, Egyptians, and Babylonians. We will write a custom essay sample on Pennsylvania Adoption Law or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is even referred to in the Bible and other religious texts (Meiser, 1997). Adoption is the process whereby a child is removed from his/her biological parents and placed with non-biological parent(s). This establishes a parent and child relationship, in contemplation of law, between persons not so related by nature (Adoption, 1994). Thus, adoption creates a legal parent-child relationship between individuals without the benefit of biological relation. Reasons for the Emergence of the adoption In the early decades of the twentieth century, adoption was rather unusual. In fact, adoption was not recognized by the common law, and exists later in the United States solely by virtue of the special statutes. Thus, adoption was not a common way to form a family. Due to humanitarianism, upward mobility, and infertility, however, adoption started to be institutionalized. These factors mirrored reality especially in 1920s and 1930s, when inquiries made by adults about children unattached to their families greatly increased in the United States. Through adoption, children are transferred from adults who do not want or is not capable of becoming parents to adults who want the offspring and is capable of giving love, time, and an acceptable standard of living. Hence, adoption is considered as a salvation to married couples deprived of bearing their own children because of infertility since this process allow them to form families of their own. Likewise, adoption allowed illegitimate children to be protected from social stigma as they are legitimized once adopted by their adopting parents. Thus, adoption gives a fresh start to everyone involved—the mother can erase her past by placing her baby for adoption, the child can join a normal family rather than being raised by a single parent, and the adoptive parents can experience the joy of having a child (Martin, 2006). Adoption Phenomenon: Some statistics In 1950s and 1960s, as measured both by number and by the enthusiastic support of a broad white middle class, adoption flourished. Ten years thereafter, or in the 1960s and 1970s, adoption brought a remarkable transformation to society as adoption posted a record high of almost ninety thousand adoptions made by non-relatives. In recent years, however, this number increased by almost forty (40) percent as survey reveals that Americans annually adopt approximately one hundred twenty-five thousand (125,000) children, strangers and relatives alike (Adoption statistics, 2006). This has affected 2.4% of the United States population or about five (5) million Americans (id). The Census also reveals that among those children adopted, sixty-four (64) percent are whites, sixteen (16) percent are African American seven (7) percent are Asians (2000). In Pennsylvania alone, 4,047 children were served by the Pennsylvania Adoption Exchange (PAE) (PAE 2004). Forty-eight (48) percent of these children are African Americans, thirty six (36) percent are Caucasians and five (5) are Hispanics (id). Despite this wide acceptance of adoption in the American society or the inhabitants of Pennsylvania for that matter, a number of children are still â€Å"waiting† to be adopted. For instance, in Pennsylvania, out of the twenty two thousand six hundred ninety (22,690) children who were placed in foster care, twenty two (22) percent are still â€Å"waiting† to be adopted (Adoption institute, 1999). Considering this unprecedented increase in adoptions in the country, the United States senate is pushing for a bigger funding for the child support enforcement and family support programs to be paid to various states. Thus from a mere $2,121,643, 000 appropriated in 2006, the proposed budget for the administration of children and families is increased to $2,759,997,000 for this incoming year of 2007 (US Department f Health and Services, 2006). This is equal to a $7,300,00 increase of funding. Adoption Laws in the United States Before the first adoption statutes went into effect in 1850’s, children were removed from his/her biological parents and were transferred to non-biological parent(s) without the legal recognition of the adoption. As this informal type of adoption increased the State legislature devised a way to formalize the adoption process. Thus, in May 24, 1851 the first adoption statute in the United States went into effect – the Massachusetts Adoption of Children Act. Pursuant to the Massachusetts statute, adoption was required to be judicially approved, likewise the consent of the child’s parent or guardian were needed to be secured, and also a finding that the prospective adoptive family was of with sufficient ability to raise the child. History of Pennsylvania Adoption Law Following the example of Massachusetts, the Pennsylvania enacted its own adoption statutes – the Pennsylvania Consolidated Statutes. In earlier times, Pennsylvania provided that adoption could be decreed by the common pleas of courts of the countries. An amendment to this adoption legislation was thereafter made in 1872 wherein the process of adoption referred to as the â€Å"common law form of adopting a child be deed† was legalized. Under this system, it is possible that an adoption refused by the judge will be consummated by a deed. (Deardorff, 1925). The State legislatures saw the defect in this kind of Pennsylvania system. For under this system, no social investigation of the child and his natural family or of the adopting family was provided. Further, a judge can consummate an adoption without seeing any of the parties and worse, even without sufficient information other than that contained in the petition for adoption. With this kind of system, cases of perjury as to the identity of the natural parents of a child and as to whether or not these natural parents are still alive were exposed. Due to the globalization of the adoption, legislatures have made vigorous reforms as regards adoption statutes. In 1917, for instance, Minnesota passed the first State law that required children and adults to be investigated and adoption records to be shielded from public view (Adoption history in brief, 2006). Decades later, more than twenty states had translated similar standards into law. By mid-century, policies of minimum standard such as certification of child-placers, investigation of the child and adult parties to adoption, and supervision of new families after placement and before finalization were incorporated in the revision of adoption statutes in all the states in the country. The policies of confidentiality and sealed records were likewise instituted by most states. Confidentially of records, however, at this time meant that the records of information are off limits to the inquisitive members of the public but kept it available to the children and adults directly involved in adoption, who were called the â€Å"parties in interest.† Similarly, in 1925, under the Pennsylvania adoption law, the adoption was accessible to anyone curious enough to search it out. Other court records were sealed only at the discretion of a judge, in which case they could then be inspected by court order. In 1947 however, Pennsylvania followed suit in sealing its records. Although the records were sealed, adoptees who would reach the age of twenty-one (21) could still obtain their original birth certificates from the Office of Vital Statistics. Then in 1953, court records including the adoption decree were sealed to all, with the exception of being able to be opened upon showing of an undefined â€Å"good cause.† (Holub, 2006) In 1984, after a six (6) year push by state Rep. Stephen Friend, R-Delaware Country â€Å"to close the loophole†, as it was termed, the state legislature passed a bill denominated as Act 185 finally closing the records of adoption. Act 185 amended Title 23 (Domestic Relations) of the Pennsylvania Consolidated Statutes and provides that all adoption records, and other papers shall be withheld from inspection except upon a court order. The Pennsylvania adoption law, thus prohibits adoptees from obtaining their original birth certificates or any other document that would identify birth parents. That includes baptism certificates and adoption records. After the grace period in February 1985, adoption records were finally closed. This law was pushed by Rep. Stephen Friend since he claimed that young, unmarried pregnant women would choose to have abortions rather than relinquish their children to adoption if it were possible for their adult children to discover their identity. He also asserted that the state should â€Å"keep its promise† of â€Å"privacy† to birthparents. (id) Cynthia Bertrand Holub, a member of the Pennsylvania Advisory Committee to the Joint State Government Commission on Adoption Law, says the desire to â€Å"preserve the middle-classness of these women, so they could relinquish their [illegitimate] child and go home as if nothing had happened,† was one of several forces that led states to seal adoptees’ birth records (2006). Thus, confidentiality now means that when courts issue adoption decrees, they shall produce new birth certificates, thus, listing adopters’ names in the new birth certificate, and sealing away the originals, which contained the names of birth parents, or at least birth mothers. Criticisms of the Pennsylvania Adoption Law.   The Pennsylvania Adoption law was criticized mainly with respect to the sealing of the adoption records. Critiques refutes Rep. Stephen Friend’s claim that â€Å"unmarried pregnant women would choose to have abortions rather than relinquish their children to adoption if it were possible for their adult children to discover their identity.† They assert that Pennsylvania’s abortion rate should have declined and the adoption rate should have risen accordingly. Between 1985 and 1990, however, the abortion rate in Pennsylvania is inconsequential, and Pennsylvania still has one of the lowest adoption rates in the country. They further assert that neither was there ever a single suit by a birthparent for invasion of privacy. Other critique says that the confidentiality made it possible for some of these parents to avoid telling their children that they were adopted at all. As far as a number of birthparents are concerned, they believe that they still have the right to copies of everything relating to the loss of their babies. Dorner, in her book Adoption Search citing the Catholic manual states that â€Å"[b]irth parents also seek information about their children and their adoptive families through the years. Being able to obtain file information pertaining to the time of the pregnancy, is reality basing and healing†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Buterbaugh, 2001). On the other hand, supporters of the Pennsylvania Adoption Law, such as the relatives of many unmarried birth mothers also favored the confidentiality measure. After the World War II, when more out-of-wedlock births occurred in middle-class families, mortified parents contends that their daughters should have a second chance to lead normal, married lives. Conclusion Adoption statutes by different states primarily emerged as an answer to the growing unrecorded adoptions in the country. More so, these enactments are hoped to protect the interests of the parties involved — i.e. adopting parents, biological parents and the child himself. Adoption statutes, however, are of varying degrees in terms of privacy across states. Recently, Pennsylvania adopted a very strict standard on privacy matters. This means that nobody can actually view the original birth certificate of the adopted child as a new one was created. This new law, however, sowed criticism from different sectors as they believed that biological parents still have the right to information as to what has become of their child. Also, they argued that the child, himself, is entitled to information as to whether he is indeed of the same flesh and blood as that of his known parents. They also sans the statute for allowing adopting parents to forever conceal the truth regarding the child’s birth. How to cite Pennsylvania Adoption Law, Papers

Astronauts - Hayden Analysis free essay sample

In Astronauts Robert Hayden explores the philosophical issues associated with the exploration of the manned mission to the moon. Despite the bravely independent title ‘Astronauts’ the first five lines of the poem actually reveal the lack of identity and personality of the astronauts, as they are ‘faceless in their visors,’ an idea that Hayden accentuated in lines three to five where their ‘mirror- masks / reflecting the general glare and / shadow of moonscape. The alliteration that Hayden uses not only emphasizes the absence of any defining features on the moon, but also accentuates the slow rhythm, which symbolizes the footsteps on the moon. In turn this echoes the absence of specific details about these astronauts. The absence of personality and identity seems initially to be broken at the end of the first stanza when the poet uses colloquial terms to reflect the astronauts’ excitement as they exclaim ‘wow’ and ‘oh boy,’ Hayden carries this tone over to the next stanza where the word ‘exulting’ suggests their elation. However, the fact that Hayden employs a third person stance throughout the poem effectively distances us from the astronauts preventing us from sharing their emotion. This sense of distance is re-emphasized for the reader in stanza two by the parentheses which seem to include a direct address from the poet or persona to the reader reminding us of the ‘training’ that the astronauts have undergone encouraging them to ‘be wary of emotion and philosophy’. This disturbance and warning ultimately undermine the excited singing of the astronauts, creating a sense of disappointment, which perhaps foreshadows the fact that we will be left ‘troubled’ at the end of the poem as if the moon landing has left us only with questions and doubts instead of the answers that we perhaps sought in the journey of discovery. The essential emptiness of this scene which should be filled with excitement is perhaps best indicated by the lines ‘breaking / the calcined stillness / of once Absolute Otherwhere. Essentially, these lines may seem to suggest a break through as the poet could be using the contrast between ‘the somewheres that we know on Earth and the ‘Absolute Otherwhere’ on the Moon to show that we have finally conquered this most distant of places. However, like the mood of rejoicing at the end of stanza one, this heroic interpretation is undermined as ‘Absolute Otherwhere’. Hayden capitalizes this and its position just before the closing of the end-stopped line can perhaps imply that the moon has not really been explored at all. In reality, it seems that the astronauts on the screen remain small, ‘poignantly human’ and ultimately insignificant in contrast to the vast emptiness of space. The idea of human exploration is emphasized at the beginning of the third stanza by the line ‘Risking edges’ and the vulnerability of the astronauts is further reinforced by the fact that it is only their ‘machines’ and perhaps ‘God’ who are ‘friendly’ to the them. Hayden’s reference to God may reveal how the astronauts’ equipment will not be enough to help them should something go wrong and the irony of relying on God in such a technologically advanced age may be used by Hayden to reveal how insecure the situation of these men really is, an idea accentuated by the question mark after the mildly comic image of God’s ‘radar-watching eye? ’ which suggests that even if he were needed, God would not actually be there to provide assistance. This perhaps encourages the reader to reinterpret the title and opening line of the poem, ‘Armored in Oxygen,’ which initially seemed heroically grand but in the light of stanza three perhaps suggests the fragility of the astronauts as, like the one word title, the astronauts are isolated and on their own and their only armor is a flimsy gas which now seems insubstantial in comparison to the ‘general glare and shadow of the moonscape,’ and the ‘snowshine of sunlight dangerous as Radium. The insignificance of the astronauts is, however, most powerfully emphasized by the description of them as ‘anti heroes’ who are ‘smaller than myth’. By the end of the poem Hayden has undermined any sense of exultation created in stanza one and he seems to be suggesting that instead of pushing forward the boundaries of science all the moon landing has done is reveal to us something ‘poignant’ about the human condition. Alternatively Hayden could be questioning the value of continued scientific exploration and technological development when any knowledge that we do managed to glean could only ever be inconsequential in comparison to the ‘Absolute Otherwhere’ of the universe. Indeed, the fact that the exact nature of what is being questioned is left ambiguous could suggest how humanity is so hopefully confused that we don’t even really know what our questions are. The tone of the final stanza of the poem is ‘troubled’ and uncertain. The triad of questions implies that Hayden and the reader are uncertain about what we want from ourselves or perhaps from life. He seems to be implying that we have sent these men to the moon to find something for us but that they will be unable to do this perhaps because, ultimately the answers, if they are discoverable at all, lie closer to home. Perhaps the absence of a regular rhyme scheme and the fractured appearance of the poem on the page reinforce this sense that, for the reader, there is no real comforting answer or completeness to the questions.

Moral Growth & Development Essays - Ethics, Psychology, Philosophy

Moral Growth Development By Student Id# CPSY-2009-0884: Yinka L. Humes MGC5311: Moral Development Lecturer: Dr. Pan sy Brown 27 th July 2010 Moral deve lopment is the process through which children develop proper attitudes and behaviors toward other people in society, based on social and cultural norms, rules, and laws. Moral development is a concern for every parent. Teaching a child to distinguish right from wrong and to behave accordingly is a goal of parenting. Moral development is a complex issue thatsince the beginning of human civilization has been a topic of discussion among some of the world's most distinguished psychologists, theologians, and culture theorists. It was not studied scientifically until the late 1950s. Moral development fosters positive qualities of character, personality and behavior in children. According to Psychology Press, understanding the difference between right and wrong is the essence of moral development. The basic focus of moral development is the enhancement of a child's ability to relate naturally to other people. This will help a child function well in society, wit h respect for others. Jean Piaget was one of the first psychologists to explain that moral development in a child arises from her decision-making capabilities and quest to find fair and balanced solutions for the problems that face her. Elliot Turiel explained moral development from a comprehensive standpoint in his Domain Theory. He acknowledged that both morality and conventional elements make up moral development and that they mature in varying balances and degrees from person to person. Morality levels and standards vary greatly from one region to another, defined by the religion and culture of local people. However, universal morality extends respect and honor to others without infringing upon basi c rights a concept commonly instilled in children at a very young age. Lawrence Kohlberg conducted research on moral development, using surveys as his major source of assessment. He presented surveys with moral dilemmas and asked his subjects to evaluate the moral conflict. In developing his theory, he made an intensive study using the same survey techniques of the bases on which children and youths of various ages make moral decisions. He found that moral growth also begins early in life and proceeds in stages throughout adulthood and beyond which is until the day we die. Influenced by Piaget's concept of stages, Kohlberg's theory was created based on the idea that stages of moral development build on each other in order of importance and significance to the person. On the basis of his research, Kohlberg identified six stages of moral reasoning grouped into three major levels. Each level represented a fundamental shift in the social-moral perspective of the individual. At the first level, the preconventional level, concrete, individual perspective characterizes a person's moral judgments. Within this level, a Stage 1 heteronymous orientation focuses on avoiding breaking rules that are backed by punishment, obedience for its o wn sake and avoiding the physical consequences of an action to persons and property. As in Piaget's framework, ego-centrism and the inability to consider the perspectives of others characterize the reasoning of Stage 1. At Stage 2 there is the early emergence of moral reciprocity. The Stage 2 orientation focuses on the instrumental, pragmatic value of an action. Reciprocity is of the form, you scratch my back and I'll scratch yours. The Golden Rule becomes, If someone hits you, you hit them back. At Stage 2 one follows the rules only when it is to someone's immediate interests. What is right is what's fair in the sense of an equal exchange, a deal, an agreement. At Stage 2 there is an understanding that everybody has his (her) own interest to pursue and these conflict, so that right is relative in the concrete individualist sense. Individuals at the conventional level of reasoning, however, have a basic understanding of conventional morality, and reason with an understanding that no rms and conventions are necessary to uphold society. They tend to be self-identified with these rules, and uphold them consistently, viewing morality as acting in accordance with what society defines as right. Individuals at Stage 3 are aware of shared feelings, agreements, and expectations, which take primacy over individual interests. Persons at Stage 3 define what is right in

Causes of mental retardation essays

Causes of mental retardation essays In order to be considered mentally retarded, you must have an IQ below 75, have significant limitations in two or more adaptive skill areas, and the condition is present from childhood (defined as age 18 or younger). People can be mentally retarded as all different levels. About 78% of mentally retarded people will only be a little slower than the average person, while in others it is very apparent (Arc of New Jersey). There are many causes of mental retardation. One cause of mental retardation is of genetic conditions. That includes; abnormal gene mixes from parents, errors when genes combine, overexposure to x-rays, and many more reasons. More than 500 genetic diseases are associated with mental retardation. Down Syndrome is an example of a chromosomal disorder (Mental Retardation Issues). Chromosomal disorders occur every once in a while, and are caused by too many or too few chromosomes in the restructure of the chromosomes (The Arc of New Jersey). Another cause is problems during pregnancy. It could happen if the mother drinks or does drugs while pregnant with the baby. Other risks include malnutrition, certain environmental contaminants, and the mother could get ill during the pregnancy. Pregnant women who are infected with HIV may pass it on to their child. Also very stressful and physical pregnancies and births can cause damage to a childs brain (Introduction to Mental Retardation). Mental Retardation also occurs frequently after birth. Childhood diseases such as big coughs, chicken pox, measles, and hip disease, which may lead to meningitis and encephalitis, can damage the brain, as can accidents such as being hit in the head, near drowning situations, and most other accidents involving the head. Another that can be harmful to a child mentally is environmental fumes, lead, mercury, and other dangerous toxins (Introduction to An American ...

Two short answers Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Two short answers - Assignment Example in 2421 according to place values where digit ‘1’ is in ones place whereas the ‘2’ beside it falls in the tens place the next ‘4’ and ‘2’ toward the left are each in hundreds and thousands places, respectively. Then to come up with a scientific notation, the child must note first that the decimal point in that order lies at the right side of the digit bearing the ones place and he or she should move it as many times as until the point reaches the spot between the two leftmost digits which, in this case, are 2 and 4. Consequently, that should make 2.421 then the child must be instructed that the number of times the decimal point is moved would be power of ten that goes with 2.421. Since the point has been moved three times from right to left as indicated, therefore the scientific notation of 2421 ought to be 2.421 x 103 (Banfill). One point would be for the clients to keep track of the list of medications provided by the physician, noting that the more prescribed medicines or drugs taken, the more likely that food and drug interactions would occur. Besides this and the risk factors that include age, gender, medical history, and body composition, a client must understand how drugs alone are acquired by the human body. Second point is to bear in mind that, like food, drug is broken down into useful form through dissolution in the stomach and travels via the bloodstream upon absorption into sites where it needs to operate and perform its repairing action once it has obtained body response or signals. The most important point to consider is the knowledge of the stages in which food may potentially interfere with drug work such as during the process of substance absorption so that when this happens, drug tends to function less effectively. Equivalently, food may also affect the efficiency of drug when food nutrien ts and chemicals react to the drug first yielding new products that may work differently compared to the original components of the medical

Research paper in argumentative style. Dress codes in public schools- Essay

Research paper in argumentative style. Dress codes in public schools- do they promote a safer environment - Essay Example In recent years, many school and district officials have claimed that there is an increase in improper activities within the school environment, such as violence, gang activity, theft of clothing and conflicts against discipline (Madrid, et al). This led to the introduction of dress codes or uniforms by officials in school districts across the country. Dress codes lay down ‘what must not be worn,’ while uniform policies decree ‘what must be worn’ (Anderson). Private schools were the first to adopt dress codes or uniform policies. Public schools soon started emulating their example (Education Commission of the States). The education officials protested that a state of continuous confrontation had been created between school authorities trying to do their duty by producing an environment conducive to learning, and students rebelling against the restraints of acceptable, protected behavior (Pedzich). They propagated dress codes and uniforms as the way to achieve a safe, secure and orderly school environment. In this context, the school dress code or uniform policy is meant to be a deterrent to violence, gang activity, theft and misbehavior while promoting academic excellence and social development. Cherry Hill Elementary school (Baltimore, Maryland) has the distinction of being the first U.S. public school to implement a uniform policy in the year 1987. Long Beach California Unified School District (LBUSD) became the first school district to adopt a public school uniform policy in 1994. The biggest boost was received when President Bill Clinton catapulted the issue to national prominence in January 1996 when he officially permitted it during his State of the Union Address. Clinton emphasized his support for the matter by ordering the U.S. Department of Education to deliver a brochure called â€Å"A Manual of School Uniforms† to all the country’s 16,000 school

Statement of Purpose Personal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 4

Of Purpose - Personal Statement Example I am an international student from the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabia is a large country and areas of science in the country are in the phase of rapid development. It is for this reason that the government has sponsored thousands of students like me to come to the United States and complete their studies in specific fields of science. I would like to utilize this opportunity to its fullest and complete my PhD for bringing about development in the field of Information Systems in Saudi Arabia. I am currently enrolled in the program of Master of Science in Computer and Information Science at the Gannon University, Erie, PA, USA and the expected date of my graduation is December 2014. This master’s program has motivated me to further continue my studies in the same field and gain expertise through the completion of my PhD. The PhD Program would grant me with an opportunity to polish my skills and gain an advanced understanding of my desired field. I have always had an interest in the field of Information Systems. In the year 2010, I completed my graduation in the field of Information Science from my home country at the Al-Baha University and achieved a GPA of 2.8-4. My graduation motivated me to further achieve higher studies in the field and to gain greater exposure and a better learning environment, I moved to the United States. I enrolled at the ELS Language Center at Cincinnati, OH, USA for one year to get a good grip over English Language so that that I would not face any difficulties during my years of education in the United States. Following this, I started my Master’s Degree in Information Systems at the Gannon University in January 2013. Currently, I have successfully completed 24 credits out of 33 and my GPA is 3.75-4 which is reflective of my hard work and focus for outshining in my field. With time, my interest in the field of Information

Vargas Teaching Theory Analysis

Vargas Teaching Theory Analysis Question one What are your ideas of teaching? How does that compare with or contrast to Vargas perspective? Answer My ideas of teaching is to have a positive impact on my students in terms of their cognitive domain, affective domain and psychomotor domain. As a professional teacher, I understand that students have different learning styles and that is why my ideas of teaching and method of delivering instructions focuses on student center basically the 4Cs (collaboration, communication, critical thinking and creativity). I want students to have freedom of expression which gives room to open discussion and creativity. This boost their level of confidence and ability to express themselves out there any time. And finally, my Ideas of teaching is to challenge my students, watch them grow to their full potential, develop together for the betterment of everyone. Comparing my ideas of teaching with Vargas perspective, Vargas (2013) believes teaching is not just presenting to an empty class and we both have similar ideas on how teaching should be basically by knowing the students better, work on their behavior in every area and finally she doesnt think knowing the subject matter is a major factor on how students feel or perceive change in their attitude (p. 5). Which I totally I agree with her on this. Question two Briefly summarize Skinners perspective as it relates to behavior Answer Skinner, B.F. believed that the environment is a major determinant of behavior. Skinners perspective people have consistent behavior pattern because they have kinds of response tendencies (Vargas, 2013). He made a discover that most behavior is not the reaction to a stimulus that it depends upon its effect on the immediate environment. Vargas also stated in her book that Skinner believed that it was the consequences of individual actions and not antecedent stimulus that determined what the animals did. He called the behavior operant (p. 8). Question three What is your interpretation of Behavior Analysis? Support your answer with detail from the text. Answer My interpretation of behavior analysis is that it is a natural science that seeks to understand the behavior of individuals. Vargas (2013) explained that behavior analysis is a discipline based on the science first discovered by B.F. Skinner and the practices of operant conditioning have spread to all areas of behavior including animal training, business, clinical work, health and teaching. It is the science of behavior of humans and non-humans (p. 9). Question four How can the discussion What is a Cause (page 21), help the classroom teacher? Answer The discussion what is a cause will help the classroom teacher to focus on conditions or events on which an event or behavior depend on (Vargas, 2013). It will help teachers to learn and adopt strategies to improve behavior. Also what is a cause discussion on p. 21 will help teachers to know more about dependent and independent variables. With this, teachers will know more about the number of problems, assignment completed by the students. It will help them to sense what could be responsible for a behavior to identify functional relations between the behavior. And finally, the way the next generation behave will determine a countrys future more than any other resources within its borders (Vargas, 2013, p. 3). She believes teachers are expected to teach more while they receive more difficult students (p. 4). It is important to understand behavior of these students, it is very important to find the variables responsible for these behaviors. Vargas stated that Finding the causes becomes a search for functional relations among all the contingencies that occur in a setting (p. 22). This is exactly what is a cause discussion explained in details on page 21 of the text which will help the teachers a lot. Question five What new information did you find in chapter 2? Please explain. Answer The new information found in chapter 2 of the text behavior analysis for effective teaching is the functional relation which is a systematic relationship between dependent and independent variables. Independent variable explained as circular explanation or explanatory fiction which is a statement that has the form of an explanation, but in which the cause essentially restates the behavior to be explained while a mentalistics explanation relies on activities of a hypothesized mind to explain behavior (Vargas, 2013, pp. 22-23). Chapter 2 tries to explain more about Independent variables which buttress more points on behavior which can be circular or mentalistics. Question six What did you already know about Pavlov and his theory? After reading about Pavlov in chapter 3, what did you learn about his theory? Answer What I knew about Pavlov and his theory was that he was the one who discovered respondent conditioning and he believed that respondent behavior is controlled by a stimulus. But after reading about him from the text, I learnt that Pavlovs discovery was titled conditional reflexes instead of respondent conditioning (Vargas, 2013). The principle involves respondent behavior which occurs in response to a specific stimulus as part of a reflex. He believes reflexes consist of specific physiological reactions to a specific stimulus (pp. 8-9). What I learnt about his theory as a professional teacher is to be a good observer and a good researcher because it was due to his ability to research and observe that made him noticed something surprising about his dogs salivating before the food was put into their mouths. This is where his investigation began. As a teacher, we must research and observe what different behaviors of students must do with their learning. Question seven Define the Criticism Trap? Have you ever played a role in the criticism trap? Explain. Answer Vargas (2013) defined Criticism trap as a situation where criticizing a behavior you dislike or you wish to decrease seems to work because it temporarily decreases or stop the behavior, but criticizing it strengthens the behavior so that it occurs more frequently in the future. Yes, I had played a role. This happened to me and my wife with our little son at age 2. Anywhere we are going out, hes always excited to follow us but one thing he does is wearing his shoes or slippers the wrongly. After this, we will criticize him always for wearing his shoes wrongly, then he corrects himself and does it again and again. One day we realized criticizing him to correct him didnt work for him, so we adopted a method to correct him. Any time he wears his shoes wrongly, we will calmly correct him and once he does that, we tell him good boy or thats my boy and since then, he wears his shoes correctly and never wears them wrongly. What we learnt from the situation above is that we should praise imperfection and reward approximation the behavior we are looking for. And its working till now. Question eight How can teachers use the information found in chapter 3? Answer As a teacher, lets start from the criticism trap, we shouldnt criticize ourselves too much because in the long run, you will find yourself criticizing your students. We should learn to use praise frequently and use criticism relatively infrequently especially in the classroom. With these, we wont have problems with students. Another information here is punishment. Teachers must know the consequence of punishing a child because punishment has a bad effect on the punisher as well as on the recipients of the treatments (Vargas, 2013, p. 51). References Vargas, J.S. (2013). Behavior analysis for effective teaching (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Routledge.

Physics of How Tires Throw Rocks :: physics tire rock

Many of us have gotten rock chips, but how many of us understand how those pesky rocks hit our windshield? A common misconception is that the car in front of us throws rocks "backward" and hits the following car's windshield. A rolling tire cannot throw a rock backwards. A tire is a rolling object, thus every point along the tire is moving forwards. There is no force going in a backwards direction. Only direction part of a rolling object can go is a combination of up or down, and forward. The velocity of the rock at any given point can be determined by adding it's translational velocity at the center of mass (the orange arrow) with it's rotational velocity. Vrock= Vcenter of mass + Wrock Where V is the translational velocity, and W is the angular velocity This can be simplified to Vrock=WDR Where D is the distance from the road at the point of contact in terms of R, the Radius. That is to say, that the velocity at the top of the tire would be Vrock=W(2R) =2Vcenter That is to say, that the rock at the top of the tire may be going twice as fast as car itself. Similarly, at the point of contact of with the road, the velocity of the rock is 0. So this leaves one to ask, how do those pesky rocks get thrown at a windshield? If it is hit by the following car, then it is because the rock was thrown somewhat vertically, slowed down by air resistance and the car behind it ran into the rock. It can also be hit by a car going in the opposite direction. The magnitude of this collision will be much greater because it involves objects going in opposing directions. This is why the worse rock chips are often from cars going in the opposite direction, and why it is possible to throw rocks at yourself, which often do not do any damage. Tires are thrown from tires because the centrifugal force expels snow, rocks, and other foreign objects.

Inventory Stratification Essay

Creating shareholder value is the ultimate goal of all businesses, so all processes should be directly tied to it.(1) The wholesale distributor’s core business process framework is a collection of process groups called 7S – source, stock, sell, ship, supply chain planning, and support services. Linking these process groups to shareholder value are the process metrics – percentage of slow moving inventory; and the financial framework. This framework consists of the financial elements – inventory; the financial key performance indicators – GMROII; and the financial drivers – profitability. Inventory stratification is a specific business process under the inventory management subgroup in the stock process of 7S. Like most processes there is a common, good, and best practice for inventory stratification. Inventory stratification which includes the GMROII (gross margin return on inventory investment) method of A, B, C, D, X and Y items is consider ed best practice. A, B, C, and D represent items in inventory ranked by percentage of profitability from higher profitability down to zero profitability respectively. X and Y represent items with zero inventories, X represents items with gross margin dollars and Y represents items without any gross margin dollars. GMROII focuses on the items profitability making it a financial driver and is considered best practice. However, for optimal inventory stratification solutions, the final rank should include a combination method of the GMROII method; sales volume method – representative of customer-centric data; and the hits method – representative of logistics based data. Once the weighted combination data is compiled, best practices can be implemented throughout all the 7S process  groups and in every section of the financial framework linking inventory stratification (process) directly to four financial drivers: asset efficiency, profitability, cash flow, and growth. These four financial drivers increase ROI (shareholder value). With inventory stratification complete sourcing has integral data to complete best practice process metrics for supplier management. Supplier stratification can help a firm modify their supplier base into one that is profitable and efficient for all channels within the supply chain. Supplier scorecards can be created which leads to numerous financial elements being increased. Inventory stratification is key for best practice levels in determining the right number of suppliers as inventory stratification status of the product in terms of movement and profitability. This indirectly defines the required customer service level as well. With supplier performance improvement, higher satisfaction rates evolve both with the distributor and further more with the customer.. If the distributor is tracking the supplier’s performance and is able to having periodic meetings with their supplier’s based on the results of the scorecards this will drive efficiency and supplier performance improvement. Also, higher supply chain reliability occurs since the supplier knows where the distributors need increased satisfaction levels to be able to continue servicing their customer at high standards. If the scorecard says the supplier is lacking in the area of competitive pricing the distributor then has the data to begin price negotiations. This knowledge allows sourcing through the subgroup supplier management to eliminate suppliers who only provide C and D items finding the right number of suppliers for the organization. Eliminating C and D items reduces inventory and increases GMROII. You now have the option of reinvesting the resulting capital into A and B items, paying back loans, or other business opportunities. In the debt reduction case, the impact can be readily seen on the balance sheet. The investment in A items leads to further sales opportunities. The reinvestments and its associated expected inventory turns will help in calculating additional revenue and resulting improvement in EBITDA. Reinvestments can also be for capital purchases to position the business for future growth. Inventory stratification also affects the ship and store segments of the 7S process group. With the knowledge that can be obtained from the data slow moving items can be  removed from branch inventory and a Regional Distribution Center (RDC) may be implemented. This allows the branches to carry more A or B items, or simply to reduce their inventory cost. RDC’s are usually able to operate with less inventory by sales volume. Labor expense is also reduced driving profitability to the shareholders. Inventory stratification is the primary driver for sales forecast and helps populate fill rates by rank. Forecasted demand combined with lead time and safety stock is the primary component to reorder point. Inventory stratification minimizes the normally time consuming forecast process both with information systems resources and with human resources. The best practice forecasting model is driven off the inventory stratification and is therefore driven by the sell segment, this numerically factual forecast will be void of the emotional forecasting of the sales force. Marketing can use the inventory stratification to process what customers’ needs are or what customers are interested in. Inventory stratification is integral in both customer stratification which once completed and redeployment of the sales force has occurred additional revenues are recognized and cost to serve are reduced again driving profit to shareholders. Customer service often drives large, inefficient inventories in an attempt to be all things to all people. Shareholder value seeks to carry only profitable products, at reasonable levels, producing maximum sales, while also increasing market share. Inventory stratification is an integral part of this process. (1) Optimizing Distributor Profitability: Best Practices to a Stronger Bottom Line, by Senthil Gunasekaran, Pradip Krishnadevarajan, F. Barry Lawrence, NAW Institute for Distribution Excellence 2009.

Jerry Garcia essays

Jerry Garcia essays Jerome John Garcia was born on August 1st 1942 in San Francisco. His father was a swing musician named Jose, and his mother was a nurse named Ruth. At four years old, Garcia lost the middle finger from his right hand when his older brother chopped it off with an axe while the boys were splitting wood. A year later, Jerry watched as his father drowned while they were out fishing. His grandparents then raised him while his mother worked. In 1957 he received his first guitar for his 15th birthday and began taking classes for painting at a nearby college. Garcia played a little country, jazz, folk, blues and whatever else appeased him. Garcia dropped out of high school in 1960 and enlisted in the Army. He didn't really last long because he was stationed in San Francisco so he often would sneak off base and go jam with his friends. Garcia was discharged from the Army after receiving 2 court marshals and 8 AWOLs. For a while, Garcia and a poet named Robert Hunter teamed up to cre ate some music. Later, Hunter would become the main lyricist for the Grateful Dead. Garcia spent all of his time in Dana Morgan's Music store in Palo Alto, San Francisco. This is also where Jerry met Pigpen (Ron McKernan). Jerry and Pigpen played together as early as 1961 and continued to play together for the next 11 years. At first, they had an acoustic jug band, but by1965, Pigpen was able to convince Jerry to put an electric band together called the Warlocks. They used that name throughout 1965, until they realized another band already had that name. That's when Jerry opened up the dictionary and found the words The Grateful Dead. Both of them pretty much lived life on the wild side and Palo Alto was definitely the place for them. Ken Kesey was there along with LSD experiments that were going on at both Stanford University and at Menlo Park. In 1964, Jerry took LSD for the first time when Robert Hunter told Jerry he had to try it. Si...

Free Essays on Making Friends Isnt Easy

The process of making a friend is a very unique one. It depends on that person’s age, gender, and personality. Every individual is different and how they make friends differs just as much. The way I make friends depends heavily on my personality. As a timid person, I tend to first meet potential friends through family and other people. After the initial meeting, I interact with them to see what type of person they are and whether or not I think our personalities are compatible and if I think they would make a good friend. Before I can take a look at the sometimes mysterious process of becoming friends with someone, I have to reveal some personal information. I am a great believer in personality typing. I am a very introverted person. This does not mean I am anti-social, it merely means that new and non-routine interaction with others is unlikely. Initiating the process of making a new friend is a very difficult process. This is where the concept of forced interaction comes into play. By forced interaction, I mean a situation in which another person and I are placed in an environment where we have no choice but to interact with each other such as at school in class and through family. It is impossible to be completely separate from other students in a class. I met all my friends in school, it was a place where I spent most of my time. It would be extremely rude to not interact with someone that your friend or family considers a friend. That is the way that I met a very close friend of mine and one who I will use as an example of my friend-making process throughout this essay. Her name is Sheree and I originally met her through another my god sister, Erica. We were all attending the same high school, so it was just like Erica to try to have us all become friends. But I was not friends with Sheree when I first met her. I had to figure out what type of person she was before we could become friends. Evaluation ha... Free Essays on Making Friends Isn't Easy Free Essays on Making Friends Isn't Easy The process of making a friend is a very unique one. It depends on that person’s age, gender, and personality. Every individual is different and how they make friends differs just as much. The way I make friends depends heavily on my personality. As a timid person, I tend to first meet potential friends through family and other people. After the initial meeting, I interact with them to see what type of person they are and whether or not I think our personalities are compatible and if I think they would make a good friend. Before I can take a look at the sometimes mysterious process of becoming friends with someone, I have to reveal some personal information. I am a great believer in personality typing. I am a very introverted person. This does not mean I am anti-social, it merely means that new and non-routine interaction with others is unlikely. Initiating the process of making a new friend is a very difficult process. This is where the concept of forced interaction comes into play. By forced interaction, I mean a situation in which another person and I are placed in an environment where we have no choice but to interact with each other such as at school in class and through family. It is impossible to be completely separate from other students in a class. I met all my friends in school, it was a place where I spent most of my time. It would be extremely rude to not interact with someone that your friend or family considers a friend. That is the way that I met a very close friend of mine and one who I will use as an example of my friend-making process throughout this essay. Her name is Sheree and I originally met her through another my god sister, Erica. We were all attending the same high school, so it was just like Erica to try to have us all become friends. But I was not friends with Sheree when I first met her. I had to figure out what type of person she was before we could become friends. Evaluation ha...

Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 107

Essay Example That is until one day when his desire uncoiled when he was offered a summer building job to carry out â€Å"real work†. He was willing to perform it precisely, when he reaches at the construction site, with no fear at all. It is clear that Rodriguez was not seeking for a summer job, rather a chance to work with his back and hands. His desire is to feel his body in a unique or new way; he wanted to know the meaning of real work, even if it lasted for a short time so long as he worked like hard for once. Just like men whose desire is to fulfill their sexual fantasies by performing in the City of Night, Rodriguez wanted to fulfill his erotic dream by trying to side with the working class, a task for himself and for his audience (Dunbar-Odom 37). As a simple laborer, Rodriguez had a positive attitude towards his contract. The work seemed simpler than his friends did and he had thought. He enjoyed doing it, since he says that he had many physical pleasures during the labor. Each day counted for him, as he woke up every morning with a new working spirit. During the day, his desire to work conquered all the barriers that came his way. Sometimes he could even do too much that his colleagues were amazed, but all was for the sake of fulfilling his fantasy (Rodriguez 275). During his shoveling work, he realized that he was not doing what was right. He was fooling himself by expecting to be admitted in the world of the laborer. He says, â€Å"I could not learn in three months what my father had meant by â€Å"real work,† to mean that what he had been doing up to that level was not sufficient enough to measure to what his father could recognize as hard work. He could not be pleased by the achievement of his son so far. He needed more experience and efforts and that for him to accomplish â€Å"real work,† he had to take quality time. According to his mother and father, â€Å"real work† means struggling with self-confidence to achieve

Compare and contrast 2 stories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Compare and contrast 2 stories - Essay Example Miss Brill and Good Country People expose their characters in a descriptive manner, for the former, the introduction was done by describing the setting, talking about the atmosphere while the latter described one of the main characters, Mrs. Freeman, then going to the other characters. The internal conflict in Miss Brill was shown more pronouncedly in the main character while external conflicts were exhibited by secondary characters. For instance, the thoughts of Miss Brill is revealed which exposes her feelings about another character in the story when she was listening to an old man and woman who have been talking about her glasses, showing how enraged she had been about the woman’s complaints probably reflecting herself, with the statement â€Å" Miss Brill had wanted to shake her†. The other story involved most of the characters in showing the internal and external conflicts, with the passionate characterizations and portrayal of their roles in the story. Mrs. Freem an struggled with her family and their problems laid before her, affecting both her mental, emotional as well as physical beings. Mrs. Hopewell on the other hand faced emotional struggles with her own daughter and Mrs. Freeman while Hulga had her own internal conflicts as the effects of her external conflict that is, her disability. Both stories show a narrator of which both are omniscient, knowing the feelings and thoughts of all the characters. However, Miss Brill is more of a limited omniscient narrator who sees through the mind of the main character in contrast to Good Country People which exposes not only the thoughts and feelings of the main character but of other characters as well. This manner of telling the story brings the reader to picture all the characters in a more detailed fashion which helps to understand the events of the story more clearly. Complications in Miss Brill are shown with the introduction of other characters as viewed in the eyes of the main character as she sits to observe or to the author’s words, ‘watch the play on the stage’. The other story on the contrary becomes complicated with the introduction of the antagonist, the Bible salesman who then takes interest in Hulga. Both stories have not exposed any foreshadowing or clue to how the story would end but plainly presented the events as they happened especially with the story of Miss Brill. Good Country People on the other hand ingeniously saved the conclusion of the story by leaving the exposition of the true character of the antagonist towards the end of the story. Both also have an open plot wherein the conflicts were not resolved at the end of the story but were left for the reader to finish or think of what might be the conclusion of the story. Such method is said to be clever, leaving the reader thinking about the story and not forgetting it in a moment. Miss Brill is about reflections, dreams and lust with the first one shown through the character of M iss Brill who usually spends her Sunday afternoons watching the people at Jardins Publiques, listening to the conversations of those who usually sit at her ‘special seat’ where she observes couples, usually lovers taking their seats there. The reason for her going there was not mentioned in the story but her ‘special seat’ represents her dreams of having a partner, and her sexual desires. Good Country Peop

Subiaco Centro Project Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Subiaco Centro Project - Term Paper Example There are non-transportation objectives and they include provision of affordable and desirable housing choices, support revitalization or economic development, enhance quality of life and the sense of community, minimize infrastructure costs, shift the development from the sensitive areas, and reduce sprawl. The motivating factor for most of the stakeholders and in some cases the transit agencies is the financial return associated with TODs. For example, rents are a major supply of non-farebox revenue that is accrued from the development of system-owned land that is adjacent to the transit stations . Research conducted indicates that the number of the no-car households in regions where public transport is reducing and the high earning households who have cars is increasing. The trend undermines the same findings by Affleck and Haslam Mackenzie. They were able to find out that the TODs attracted the affluent population cohort and squeezed out the people who depended on the public transport and those who would benefit from living closer to the transit oriented development . Theories Relative to Subiaco TOD The success of Subiaco Centro Transit Oriented Development (TOD) is a factor of the the underlying TOD principles on which it was based. The structure of the project was modeled along a wide range of these principles among them the principle of Diversity of Use. This principle generally means that the program makes use of market synergy of balancing functions so that more people are attracted and retained within the structure of the TOD.... For example, rents are a major supply of non-farebox revenue that is accrued from the development of system-owned land that is adjacent to the transit stations4. Research conducted indicates that the number of the no-car households in regions where public transport is reducing and the high earning households who have cars is increasing. The trend undermines the same findings by Affleck and Haslam Mackenzie. They were able to find out that the TODs attracted the affluent population cohort and squeezed out the people who depended on the public transport and those who would benefit from living closer to the transit oriented development5. Theories Relative to Subiaco TOD The success of Subiaco Centro Transit Oriented Development (TOD) is a factor of the the underlying TOD principles on which it was based. The structure of the project was modeled along a wide range of these principles among them the principle of Diversity of Use. This principle generally means that the program makes use o f market synergy of balancing functions so that more people are attracted and retained within the structure of the TOD. In the Subiaco case, the implementers condensed a multiplicity of services from a wide range of sectors for the purposes of efficiency and harmony. Partnerships were created to enable the active participation of the public and the policy implementers to ease the disconnection that had existed before. The second principle on which this project was created was one of compactness. This principle as understood within the context of TOD basically means that the structure of the place is made in a walkable design. This means that the physical structure must be tight and precise to

A Single Needle; Single Handily Changing the Game Essay Example for Free

A Single Needle; Single Handily Changing the Game Essay Americas Pastime has been the true root of sports in the United States of America. Baseball blew up in the late 19th century towards the end of the American Civil War. Before there were TVs, internet, or DVDs, baseball is what kids did for fun. It became the thing to do if you were a white male going into the 20th century, and that was just the beginning of a long bittersweet road of the game of baseball. Up until the 1990s many greats had walked in between the lines showing off their pure god given talent, then an era came along that makes every baseball fan cringe, the Steroids Era. Steroids started to spread throughout the league like wildfire, and sadly no one was doing anything about it. The only thing administration, owners, authorities, and fans had were suspicion no one knew for sure if these record breaking seasons were real or all just a fluke. The greats like Hank Aaron, Babe Ruth, Willie Mays, Lou Gehrig, and Ted Williams all have been being surpassed in the record books by Jose Canseco, Barry Bonds, Roger Clemens, Alex Rodriguez, Mark McGuire, and plenty more players due to the use of Performance Enhancing Drugs. The use of illegal Steroids in baseball has single handily degraded and disgraced the great game that once was proud to be known as Americas Pastime. The man who started it all and really brought Performance Enhancing Drugs (PEDs) to the baseball scene in the late 1980s was Oakland Athletics outfielder, Jose Canseco. Once Canseco starting showing his teammates how influential these drugs were to their performance through his own personal achievements it wasnt long before a large amount of players were using PEDs. Canseco states in his book, Juiced: Wild Times, Rampant Roids, Smash Hits, and How Baseball Got Big that, About 85% of Major Leaguers have used it (Canseco). The MLB rarely, if at all tested for steroids during this time of the Steroids Era and if they did there was no penalty for testing positive. At the time it was virtually a win win for the players, they could juice up, exceed the stats they could only dream about, and never get in trouble during the process. Performance Enhancing Drugs became an epidemic in the world of baseball, but not only was it enhancing players performance, it was enhancing every aspect of reve nue a ball club could ever imagine. The Record books were once again open and ready for business. Athletes such as Barry Bonds, Jose Canseco, Mark McGuire, and so forth were smashing homeruns and going up on the charts little by little for the all time homerun record holder, Hank Aaron. This excitement on the field attracted more fans through these steroid years than baseball had ever seen, and when there are fans there is money, and when there is money there is no concern. The Major League of Baseball had been oblivious to the illegal use of Steroids over the years. Until 2002 there were no penalties for testing positive for PEDs. The new rules stated, A first time offense would only result in treatment for the player (Baseball-Almanac). Not one player was sentenced to any suspensions for this crime, until the Bay Area Laboratory Cooperative (BALCO) steroid scandal came to light, and brought out many of the All-Stars of the MLB to the top of the list. Victor Cante the founder of BALCO was a god to the sports world. He was the guy that not only supplied athletes with their steroi ds, but also had ways to cheat the tests so they could come up clean. Testing companies such as the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) and the U.S Anti Doping-Agency (USADA) are always trying to improve the efficiency of the tests to make cheating near impossible if not totally full proof, but as those agencies are working to stop the cheaters workers at BALCO labs are finding ways once again come up with a new way to slide by the new and improved tests on the market (Quinn). So in 2005 The MLB created a new testing policy that was accepted by the players and owners that said, The first positive test will result in a suspension of up to ten days. The second positive test will result in a suspension of thirty days. The third positive test will result in a suspension of sixty days. The fourth positive test will result in a suspension of one full year. Finally, the fifth positive test will result in a penalty at the discretion of the Commissioner of Major League Baseball. Players will be tested at least once per year, with a chance that several players can be tested numerous times per year (Baseball-Almanac). That wasnt the last adjustment Bud Selig, the Commissioner of the Major League of Baseball, was going to make to the steroid testing policy. On December 13, 2007, Greg Mitchell, an investigator who was appointed by Bud Selig in 2006 to investigate the use of Performance Enhancing Drugs in the MLB, presented a 409 page report to Selig showing his investigation and revealing 89 alleged players who used steroids during their career (Healey). Once Bud Selig had been shown the report, his 3rd written drug testing policy came in to play which was known as the Three strikes and youre out approach (Verhaeghe). This final policy stated that, The first positive test would result in a fifty game suspension. The second positive test would result in a one-hundred game suspension. Finally, the third positive test would result in a lifetime suspension from Major League Baseball (Baseball Almanac). Bud Selig and the rest of the administration inside of the Major League of Baseball had finally seen the light, and properly taken action on how to cut down the use of Performance Enhancing Drugs throughout the MLB. Once the Mitchell Report was released many super stars and role models for fans all around the world were printed in black under the category of the illegal use of steroids throughout their career. The most popular player named in the Mitchell Report due to his court and trial issues would have to be 7 time Cy Young winner, Roger Clemens. Once he saw that his name had been brought to light in the report he went to Capitol Hill to clear his name off the list that he felt he didnt need to be on. Little did he know that when made the statement, I appreciate the opportunity to tell this Committee and the public-under oath-what I have been saying all along: I have never used steroids, human growth hormone [HGH], or any other type of illegal performance enhancing drugs. I think these types of drugs should play no role in athletics at any level, and I fully support Senator Mitchells conclusions that steroids have no place in baseball. However, I take great issue with the reports allegation that I used these substances. Let me be clear again: I did not. (Healey) That he was entering a world of charges when committing perjury in a court of law. Many of the players claimed their innocence like Clemens did, but in the end they all served the types of charges. The original group of all time Baseball greats like Hank Aaron, Babe Ruth, Cy young, etc. set a high standard for the Players after them to strive for and gave them something to achieve. Never in their minds would they of thought that the game of baseball would have turned out the way it is today. These modern day All-stars who cheated and used Performance Enhancing Drugs for a shortcut just to go ahead of someones hard work and love for the game as well to achieve their personal and selfish desires should be punished and have their awards and accolades stripped from them and taken out of the record books as if they were never there to begin with. The use of Performance Enhancing Drugs has put a permanent stain on the name of Baseball and what it is truly about. Bud Selig and the Major league of Baseball has come a long way regarding minimizing the use of Performance Enhancing Drugs by enforcing harsher penalties and consequences for testing Positive for steroids. As the years have gone by thanks to the leagues stricter policies on testing positive for PEDs the amount of players getting suspended for steroid use has decreased on a year to year basis. The Major League of Baseball will never be able to completely take Performance Enhancing Drugs out of the game, but with the right consequences, and appropriate policies they will be able continue to keep the use of Steroids at a very low rate and never re-enter the once dreaded time known as the Steroids Era ever again. Works Cited Healey, Daniel. FALL OF THE ROCKET: STEROIDS IN BASEBALL AND THE CASE AGAINEST ROGER CLEMENS. Marquette Sports Law Review 19.1 (September 2008): SPORTDiscus. Web. 8 November 2011. Roger The Rocket Clemens is known to be one of the best of all-time to step on the rubber in the game of Major League Baseball. The Seven-time Cy Young winner was ultimately unstoppable in the last half of his career. He was just another great phenom in the baseball world until December 13, 2007 when the Mitchell Report was released, revealing a 409-page report that was sent to the commissioner of baseball (Bud Selig) that investigated the illegal use of steroids and Performance Enhancing Drugs used by players in Major League Baseball. There were over 80 players put on this report, but the one who stood out the most was Roger Clemens himself. On February 13th 2008 he went to Capitol Hill to argue the allegations against him saying, I appreciate the opportunity to tell this Committee and the public-under oath-what I have been saying all along: I have never used steroids, human growth hormone [HGH], or any other type of illegal performance enhancing drugs. I think these types of drugs should play no role in athletics at any level, and I fully support Senator Mitchells conclusions that Steroids have no place in baseball. However, I take great issue with the reports allegation that I used these substances. Let me be clear again: I did not. Once Clemens had stated that it put a rather large target on his back not only by investigators but also the judicial system. They were trying to get him to admit using illegal steroids, but now as well they were going after him on counts of perjury. After 2 years of gathering enough evidence and testimonies on August 19, 2010 a Federal Grand Jury Indicted Roger Clemens on six counts, one count of obstruction of congress, three counts of false statements, and two counts of perjury. On July 13, 2011 Clemens first trial began, but on the second day the judge ruled a mistrial due to prosecutorial misconduct. For now Roger Clemens is a free man, but legal sources say that he will be retried. I will be using the Mitchell Report and the Roger Clemens trial to portray that not only is the use of steroids extremely risky and unhealthy but also that its against the law and you will get caught one way or another. 1991 to 2002 was known as the Steroid Era in professional baseball. Over those years particularly in 1995 after the cancellation of the 1994 playoffs and World Series the statistics of a majority of the players skyrocketed, which in retrospect played a huge role in filling the empty seats back up after the 1994 strike. Ill be explaining that up until to this point in time the MLB did not have strict regulations on testing for the use of Performance Enhancing Drugs (PEDs) Kuenster, John. Major League Player Records Dishonored by Steroid Users. Baseball Digest. 62.2 (March 2008): SPORTDiscus. Web. 8 November 2011. John Kuenster touches on a very valuable subject when it comes to records, and honors given in the MLB. Back in early in mid 1900s the greats of the game like, Babe Ruth, Ted Williams, Hank Aaron, Joe DiMaggio, Bob Feller, and Ernie Banks. They all set legitimate records that should never be shadowed by the players who eventually broke them. These few players all had something in common. That was hard work and love for the game. They didnt use PEDs to up there stats or to get to a higher number in a certain category. These historic greats earned their records off pure talent that was god given and worked hard to mature. The greats of our time such as, Barry Bonds, Roger Clemens, Alex Rodriguez, or Mark McGwire also hold records like men mentioned earlier. The only difference between the past greats and the current greats is that these new all-stars were accused of using Steroids to achieve their records. Not only are the players the ones to blame for the whole Steroid Era. Stricter steps should have been taken from the get go through the league to enforce steroid testing to ensure the safety and fair play in professional play of baseball before the use of steroids spread like wildfire through the MLB. Will records and awards be stripped from players whove been tested positive for performing enhancing drugs? We dont know for now, but who knows what the future holds. This article about dishonoring the awards given to players who have achieved them unfairly will allow me to voice my opinion on the topic of record breakers involving steroids. I personally am against the use of steroids solely because all it does it degrade the great game of baseball. Even though these cheaters didnt use PEDs their whole career and achieved some of their record off pure talent doesnt change the fact they broke the rules that is stated in the contract thats signed by every professional player. Its not fair that historys greatest baseball players prior to the steroid era should be passed up in the record books by players that made themselves better by an illegal drug. Not only is it a disgrace to the violators name, but more importantly its a disgrace to the game of baseball. Rutecki, Jared. A Study of Media Impact on Public Opinion Regarding Performance Enhancement in Major League Baseball. Open Sports Sciences Journal 3 (2010): SPORTSDiscus. Web. 8 November 2011. A chart in the article, A study of Media Impact on Public Opinion Regarding Performance Enhancement in Major League Baseball shows the percent of the coverage on specific sports and PEDs through 1968 to 2006 in Sports Illustrated, Newsweek, and Time. Baseball ranks number one in all 3 magazines with 43 percent, 39 percent, and 39 percent. Coming in second was football with a significant lower percent of 19, 14, and 15. Over the years magazine articles about PEDs have increased by a huge amount due to the popularity in steroid use among professional athletes. With the widespread use of steroids in sports particularly baseball, its apparent that the talk of it in magazines and media in general has shot up too. When something isnt a public issue the media obviously isnt interested in it which is why steroids in the earlier years werent written and talked about much. When the Steroid Era came into play thats when the number of articles in magazines skyrocketed year by year and it all of sudden became a huge topic in our society. I will also be touching on the fact that even when people knew that steroids were an issue media didnt start writing about it like crazy until the 104 MLB players tested positive for PEDs in 2003. From that year on the number of articles per year were above 49. The media writes what sells and in this day and age information and insider news about the world of baseball and steroids will always sell. Solberg, Joe. Performance-Enhancing Drug Use in Baseball: The Impact of Culture. Ethics and Behavior 21 (April 2011): 91-102. Philosophers Index. Web. 8 November 2011. Joe Solberg explains that once the steroid era of baseball blew up and became steady that it wasnt out of the norm anymore, it became part of the culture. Once everyone was doing it the person below them had to use PEDs in order to get to the next level. The use of Steroids is a ladder that started in the pros and worked its way down to the minors. Major League Contracts are more than less based off offensive performance rather than defensive performance. To be more specific on offensive performance homeruns are what really can land you a big money contract. Over the years the biggest category that PEDs have helped is homeruns. Of course players want a lot of money, and in order to get that money is to hit homeruns, and in order to increase the amount of homeruns is to take performance enhancing drugs. Players will do what they have to do in order to make the money that they are satisfied with, and as a result for most players it is to partake in using steroids to increase their status as an all-star. The information I gathered in this article will help me explain the players motives for wanting to use PEDs. Its not only used just to break records and be known as an all-star even though that is a plus that comes with it, but its the fact that if the person above you is using these substances then in order for you to excel above him and potentially take his spot you almost feel obligated to take PEDs as well. It was once a bad thing to be associated with the group known to take steroids back when it was a rare thing to do. Now days its such a common thing to partake in its part of the culture, its fairly normal in the MLB now to use PEDs. Sommers, Paul. The Changing Hitting Performance Profile in Major League Baseball, 1966-2006. Journal of Sports Economics 9.4 (August 2008) SPORTSDiscus. Web. 8 November 2011. Paul Sommers showed charts over the decades of average years played by an average starter in the pros. It went from 5.2 years in the 60s to 6 in a half years in 2006. That shows that the use of steroids in the MLB increased a players career by almost 2 years. He also explains that the use of PEDs in baseball lets you peak at a higher level of skill. A persons overall skill level will increase by a big number while using steroids. Someone hitting .267 without the use of steroids could jump anywhere from a .324 to .378 average depending on the person. With all the statistics shown throughout the article its proven that Performance enhancing drugs increase a players batting average, peak, years played, MPH, and overall skill level. Before the 1960s after a players peak their batting average tended to decline steadily due to falling off from their prime, but after the 1960s a large amount of players started to excel past their peak year and raise their batting averages past their prime which was unusual. As we know now the reason for that was the use of PEDs. After 2004 the statistics seemed to start trending again like the 1960s due to the random and mandatory drug tests which disabled the players to partake in using Anabolic Steroids of HGH. I will be using this information to show how all PEDs have been proven in many to not only better athletes, but make them more durable and tack on extra years of successful productivity past their prime. PEDs arent physically making them younger, but they sure are making them produce younger aged stats in a past prime aged body. Stone, Brad. Another Poison Pill Newsweek 146.7 (August 15 2005): Academic Search Complete. Web. 8 November 2011. The MLB is by far the top sport when it comes to the abuse of Performance Enhancing Drugs, but yet it holds the weakest punishment in the sports world for testing positive. Rafael Palmeiro in 2008 tested positive for Performance Enhancing Drugs in early August of 2008 just months after he testified before a U.S congressional committee stating that he had never used PEDs in his life. Not only did he test positive for steroids, he failed the test after lying under oath in a court of law, and all he was punished with through the MLB was a 10-day suspension and a $164,000 fine. Due to the particular steroid Palmeiro took, Stanozonol, which travels through your digestive system within 2 weeks, makes it hard for the court to prove that Palmeiro was lying when he testified. Baseball wants to stop the abuse of Steroids, but at the same time it seems like all these players that test positive these substances just get slaps on the wrist and are told not to do it again. If you want a problem to come to a halt you have to go the extra distance in order to get the results youre looking for. PEDs have been persistent in the MLB for decades now; telling a player to stop will ultimately not stop them. There needs to be an ultimatum put into action to make the abusers consider that these PEDs arent worth the loss of their career. Every other sport that has extremely harsh penalties if tested positive for PEDs dont have a very high percent of positive tests because the players dont want to take the risk to put their career on the line. In the MLBs case they arent putting a severe enough consequence for the use of Performance Enhancing Drugs. My main point Ill be using from this article is that if you want the use of PEDs to lower then you have to put consequences that the players dont want to deal with out there in order to produce more negative resulting drug tests. Quinn, Tom BASEBALLS STEROID ERA. Mens Fitness 23. (August 2007): SPORTSDiscus. Web. 8 November 2011 Throughout the history of baseball testing for either steroids or street drugs really hasnt been a big part of the games policy. Players played the game and what they did off the field was their own business. Once the early 80s hit, and PEDs came on the scene the use of them among players got out of hand. It became an almost regular regime for a majority of the MLB. Tests were eventually being given, but that didnt stop the players. When theres motive to do illegal substances theres always the backup plan to keep these athletes out of trouble. There were plenty of ways to come up clean on a test, and when the testers would find a way to stop it, Victor Cante and his crew at BALCO labs would just simply find another way to cheat. Even when the few unlucky players get caught all they have to do is admit it and simply explain they were told it was something else. For Example, Barry Bonds, when he spoke in front of the BALCO grand jury he came clean about all the PEDs he had taken, but the catch was he stated that he was oblivious to what he was actually using. People of this stature will make their illegal decisions, but dont think they dont have all the answers for when the going gets tough. Ill be using Quinns article BASEBALL STEROIDS ERA to inform how little baseball can really do to not only catch these users, but to actually put a stop to the Performance Enhancing Drugs. If not cheating tests to save their own ass these professional athletes will just find a perfect window of time to where they know they wont be tested in the offseason to fit in a couple cycles here and there to maintain the gains through using PEDs. Testing companies such as the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) and the U.S Anti Doping-Agency (USADA) will never stop trying to improve the efficiency of the tests to make cheating near impossible if not totally full proof, but as those agencies are working to stop the cheaters dont think the cheaters at BALCO labs arent finding ways to break through and find loop holes in their tests. Verhaeghe, Dan. Bud Selig Lays Down the Hammer on Performance Enhancing Drugs. Bleacher Report. (January 2008): Web. 30 November 2011

Real World Distributed Applications

Real World Distributed Applications Topic 1: Give two examples of real world distributed applications that were not discussed in the class slides (Hospital Management system, Airline reservation system, Banking system). You should not only specify what the application does, but also provide at least 3 features of the system (hardware technology, software technology, integration features, number of nodes, network characteristics, etc.) Answer: Example 1: Immigrant VISA information System (IVIS)   Ã‚   This is a computerized Management information system. It is used by the National VISA Center (NVC) to manage the processing of immigrant visa petitions received from the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), United States Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) regional service centers and district offices. The information shared by IVIS is used for processing; auditing and tracking of individual immigration visa applications as well as tracking the number of immigrant visas assigned that are subject to numerical limitations based upon the visa classification and country of chargeability. Only internal organization that has access to IVIS data is the Bureau of Consular Affairs (CA). IVIS System is used by CA for issuing visas to foreign nationals and passports to U.S. citizens. IVIS results are used as a data source for this assessment at Posts abroad and domestic passport agencies. Specifically, data is shared among the following CA applications: DataShare/Interagency Data Exchange Application (IDEA) This provides application case data from the petition. This data arrives daily and is manually loaded into IVIS. This data is automatically populated in IVIS when creating a new case. Consular Consolidated Database (CCD) Conduit for data exchange between IVIS and DataShare / IDEA. Immigrant Visa Allocation Management System (IVAMS) The Case Number, FSC, Post Code, and Visa Class were loaded into IVAMS for the purpose of immigrant visa tracking and reporting. Diversity Visa Information System (DVIS) Alien Numbers generated in IVIS are transferred to DVIS and the DV post systems. Immigrant Visa Overseas (IVO) data on immigrant visas, petitions, and allocations is sent to a post location and loaded into their IVO systems. SharePoint data and images on immigrant visas, petitions, and appointment information is shared with a post through a secure site. Worldwide Refugee Admission Program System (WRAPS) data on immigrant visa petitions is sent to the Refugee Processing Centers WRAPS system. Features of the VISA Information System (VIS): Hardware: Mainframe systems. Government-operated computing platforms not shared by other business applications or technologies. Finger print recognition, biometrics technology and , intrusion detection systems. Software: DataShare is used to move the data from the Consular Consolidated Database (CCD). That allows text files to be converted into Interagency Data Exchange Application (IDEA) format and transferred to USCIS. Encryption technology is used during all communications shared with external agencies. Finger print reader / recognition. Firewalls. eDP (Electronic Data Processing) Web Data Replication technology Networking : This mainframe system has Networking z/OS network capability which includes a fully -featured communications server with integration of SNA (System Network Architecture) and TCP/IP protocols, making it a large server capable of serving a large number of worldwide clients simultaneously Example 2: Retail Management Information System at GS-Retail, South Korea. GS-Retail is a largest retailer in South Korea. They are using Retail management information system (RMIS) to support their distributed stores by linking them together using distributed applications. Below are the features of this GS-Retails RMIS: Information is exchanged instantly; store managers stays in contact to more effectively control profits for the whole company. This system supports product management and also enabled ability to do CRM (Customer Relationship Management) analysis. Allowed managers to set prices for variable time periods based on the store location and to meet the needs of sales and inventory managers. , Provided flexibility to make use of a mobile user interface. Its an integrated platform end-to-end solution (Appliance), which has below components Application Module, IBM Smart Analytic Solution (Admin nodes, and Data Nodes with Standby nodes). Hardware Stack: with IBM System x3650 M3 servers, Storage servers (DS3400) with SSDs (Solid State Drives), SAN Switches. This integrated platform (hardware, software with functional procedures) which provides an ability to replace superannuated servers and have a single Implementation of the integrated Enterprise Data Warehouse Environment Software Stack: DB2 Enterprise server edition, IBM Tivoli System Automation for multi-platforms (TSA) with RSCT (Reliable Scalable Cluster Technology), IBM Cognos 8 Business Intelligence, IBM Cognos 8 Business Intelligence, IBM Systems Director, DS Storage Manager, IBM Remote Support Manager (RSM) for Linux Integration features: Easily scalable and expandable solution where data nodes can be added to the existing cluster solution to expand the capacity of the system. Number of nodes: 2 Application Nodes, 1 Management node, 1 Administration node, 4 Data Nodes and 1 Standby node Network characteristics: Network is fault- tolerant and resilient. This system has two networks Public (for external client communication) and Private FCM Network which is used by the system for internal communication between the data nodes. For public network, two HBA adapters were provided which were bonded together. Network and switch failures are protected by H/W redundancy. For example: Single Network port failures using Bonded networks. Dual HBAs adapters to take care of HBA failures and Stacked switch configuration for FCM (Fiber Optic Communication Management network) Network to take care of FCM network switch failure. Topic 2: Describe two similarities between road/highway networks and packet switching networks Packet switching network is a network which routes digital data in small pieces called packets, each of which proceeds through the network independently. This digital data is nothing but a bit stream with encoded information. Packet is not really a physical thing. Thus, packets switched networks transport packets. This network is in many ways similar to the transportation network of roads, highways and intersections which transports vehicles that carries people and goods. For Example when a factory needs to move a large amount of cargo to some destination warehouse located thousands of miles away. At factory, first the cargo is segmented and loaded into a fleet of trucks. Each of trucks then independently travels through the network of intersections, roads and highways and to the destination warehouse. At destination warehouse, the cargo is unloaded and grouped with the rest of cargo arriving from same shipment. Below are some similarities between packet switching network and road/highway transportation network: Packets are similar to trucks Communication links are similar to highways and roads Packet switches are similar to intersections End systems are similar to buildings Trucks take path through transportation network, packets takes path through computer network Retail management means running a store where merchandise is sold and Retail Management Information Systems include using hardware, software and procedures to manage activities like planning, inventory control, financial management, logistics and point of sale transactions. Distributed application Name: CLAIMS 3 i.e Computer Linked Application Information Management System and Associated Systems. CLAIMS 3 is the case management system used by USCIS that supports and maintains officer casework documentation and tracking for most benefit requests. USCIS oversees lawful immigration to the United States. It receives and adjudicates petitions, applications, and other requests for immigration benefits. ICMS is a web based front-end to CLAIMS 3. ICMS can be used to review, modify, and track the adjudication performed by USCIS personnel of benefit request forms. CLAIMS 3 functionalities include tracking the adjudication performed by USCIS personnel, archiving, card production, case history, case transfer, on-demand reports, electronic file tracking, image capture, production statistics, and status update and electronic ingestion of benefit request form data captured through the Lockbox. USCIS uses the Computer Linked Application Information Management System (CLAIMS 3) and associated systems to manage the adjudication process for most domestically filed, paper-based, immigration benefit filings with the exception of naturalization, intercountry adoption, and certain requests for asylum and refugee status. USCIS uses different data systems to capture and store information provided by benefit requestors, including the Computer Linked Application Information Management System (CLAIMS 3), the Interim Case Management System (ICMS), and Marriagee Fraud Amendment System (MFAS), collectively referred to as CLAIMS 3 and associated systems. 3 features of the system (hardware technology, software technology, integration features, number of nodes, network characteristics, etc.) :CLAIMS 3 and associated systems are old, legacy, mainframe systems that do not have the capability to interface in real-time with other systems or to generate reports, metrics, or aggregated statistics. CLAIMS 3, includes the Mainframe, Local Application Network (LAN), ICMS, and MFAS. But CLAIMS 3 still serves as the authoritative source case management system for certain benefit requests because so many other tools and systems point to it. Software technology : Data Replication technology is used to replicate data from CLAIMS 3 across many systems and tools within USCIS due to the technical limitations of CLAIMS 3 itself. Integration features : This system stores the information related to: Petitioner and Beneficiary data Processing of cases based on priority and the cut-off dates, Creation and recording of correspondence with the beneficiary, petitioner and/or agent and the transmittal of data to the Immigrant Visa Overseas (IVO) system at post for final processing. IVIS applications assists NVC in tracking and processing immigration visa petitions based on local necessities and requirements established by the State Department. The immigrant visa issuance process begins with the submission of a petition for immigration to the USCIS. USCIS reviews and adjudicates the petition and forwards approved petitions to the State Department for visa processing. The NVC performs several visa processing activities that track petitions requesting immigration services from initial NVC receipt from USCIS through transfer to the posts. NVC processing includes: Telecom Industry fraud management Reference : http://searchitoperations.techtarget.com/definition/distributed-applications-distributed-apps Distributed apps can communicate with multiple servers or devices on the same network from any geographical location. The distributed nature of the applications refers to data being spread out over more than one computer in a network. Distributed applications are broken up into two separate programs: the client software and the server software. The client software or computer accesses the data from the server or cloud environment, while the server or cloud processes the data. Cloud computing can be used instead of servers or hardware to process a distributed applications data or programs. If a distributed application component goes down, it can failover to another component to continue running. Distributed applications allow multiple users to access the apps at once. Many developers, IT professionals or enterprises choose to store distributed apps in the cloud because ofclouds elasticity and scalability, as well as its ability to handle large applications or workloads. Enterprises can choose to use container technology, such as Docker, to package and deploy distributed applications. The containers can build and run distributed applications, as well as separate distributed apps from other applications in a cloud or shared infrastructure.